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The global space industry has changed dramatically since the turn of the century, becoming more dynamic, innovative and increasingly consequential. An unprecedented number of commercial companies are developing, launching and advancing space-based assets and capabilities both for defence and commercial purposes. Over the past decade, we have seen generational leaps in technological capabilities, use cases and commercial integration, representing a sea change transition from ‘Old Space’ to a ‘New Space’ paradigm that will shape the future of how space capabilities enable societal and national security aspirations.

Modern societies rely on space-based communications, navigation, timing and Earth observation. Space-enabled capabilities and architecture now constitute critical infrastructure, and the disruption, degradation and denial of the capabilities is the goal of nation-state adversaries and malign actors.

The focus on early disruption and denial of communications infrastructure has been evident in recent conflicts—most notably in the 2022 Russian attack on Ukraine. It is evident that our adversaries recognise the importance and utility of space-enabled capabilities, and are developing capabilities of their own to negate our advantage.

In the face of these and other growing threats, assured access to high-capacity, resilient and secure global broadband connectivity, whether through terrestrial or on-orbit means, is fundamental to our national security. This measure of confidence in our ability to communicate when and where required can only be achieved through advanced SATCOM networks—more specifically, global, ubiquitous and interoperable networks that are not only highly secure, but are designed from the ground up to enable Joint and Combined operations in even the most remote regions such as the Arctic, in the air or hundreds of miles out to sea.

satellites in orbit around earth
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Growing Reliance on Commercial Integration

The exponential growth in dual-use commercial space technology development means that governments need no longer rely on the legacy model of state-owned and operated defence systems to meet national security requirements. Instead, strong public-private partnerships are needed to ensure that armed forces have access to the most cutting-edge technologies, developed and evolving at pace. All recent space and defence policies across Five Eyes nations acknowledge the agility and operational imperative of commercial engagement, including Canada’s National Defence Policy, the US Department of Defense Commercial Space Integration Strategy and Space Force Commercial Space Strategy, the UK Space Industrial Plan, Australia’s Defence Space Strategy and New Zealand’s National Space Policy. In the wider alliance framework, NATO leadership has also recognised the need for commercial partnership in space defence and deterrence efforts.

SATCOM as a Vital Defence Enabler

Interoperability amongst satellite networks will support these initiatives and drive development of the communications solutions required to remain effective in a growing threat environment. As in the case with mobile phone networks, military operators need the ability to seamlessly ‘roam’ across commercial SATCOM networks, so that connectivity is assured in the face of adversarial activity. This system-of-systems approach will leverage the inherent resilience through redundancy of multiple pathway options. There are two aspects to address in achieving this effect.

  1. Interoperability in space. Constellations designed with open architectures will enable operators to share their wave forms with third parties, who in turn can develop equipment that supports multiple operators’ wave forms. These products and devices are best suited to meet critical interoperability requirements.
    Development of terminals for such open networks is well underway. For instance, the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Space-Based Adaptive Communications Node (Space-BACN) program is creating a reconfigurable, multi-protocol intersatellite optical communications terminal that will be able to connect government-owned satellites with commercial constellations using optical intersatellite terminals. This space relay capability will create a powerful, resilient means for defence to transport real-time data to decision makers for critical situational awareness, rapid analysis and operational effect.
    Additionally, the US Space Development Agency (SDA) has published its Optical Intersatellite Link (OISL) Standard 2.1.2 which establishes the interoperability requirements for all optical links that wish to communicate with the SDA system, including space-to-space and space-to-ground links. Going forward, allied nations can leverage this defined standard to ensure increased interoperability with their national and commercial SATCOM providers.
  2. Interoperability on the ground. Satellite terminal providers are eager to deliver multi-orbit solutions that readily switch between satellites in geostationary orbit (GEO), medium Earth orbit (MEO) and low Earth orbit (LEO). The enabled network redundancy will ensure warfighters’ ability to seamlessly shift between SATCOM networks and sustain communications in a contested environment. Having a single terminal solution that enables GEO-MEO-LEO connectivity will provide operational resilience in the modern battlespace.

Achieving true interoperability will provide allies with increased resiliency and agility across the continuum of conflict. The pacing challenge of our adversaries, coupled with the growing diversity of threats, means that exploring solutions for high-speed digital connectivity and the timely passage of critical information and intelligence for vital defence purposes simply cannot wait. Space may be a contested and competitive domain, but the breadth of sophisticated commercially developed satellite technology available now and in the near future will go a long way to addressing the operational imperatives of the modern battlespace.

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(Adamson, 2025)
Adamson, M. 2025. 'Commercial SATCOM as a Critical Component of National Security'. Available at: https://theforge.defence.gov.au/article/commercial-satcom-critical-component-national-security (Accessed: 09 March 2025).
(Adamson, 2025)
Adamson, M. 2025. 'Commercial SATCOM as a Critical Component of National Security'. Available at: https://theforge.defence.gov.au/article/commercial-satcom-critical-component-national-security (Accessed: 09 March 2025).
Michael Adamson, "Commercial SATCOM as a Critical Component of National Security", The Forge, Published: March 04, 2025, https://theforge.defence.gov.au/article/commercial-satcom-critical-component-national-security. (accessed March 09, 2025).
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