Technology has played an important role in shaping warfare throughout history. Inventions such as tanks, stealth aircraft, nuclear weapons, missiles and so on have offered significant advantages to the state that managed to harness these technologies ahead of others. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is poised to have a similar transformative impact, as states that successfully integrate AI into their military capabilities are likely to gain a significant military advantage. At this stage, predicting the exact timeline for the complete integration of AI into military systems remains challenging; however, its adoption is expected to accelerate significantly with each passing year. It is pertinent to note that there are a number of advantages that AI brings to the militaries; however, the risks associated with the integration of AI into military systems have also gained a lot of attention. AI is poised to revolutionise modern warfare by enhancing decision-making, intelligence processing, personnel deployment, and cybersecurity, while also raising critical concerns about escalation dynamics, automation bias, and cybersecurity risks.
Discussion surrounding the advantages of integrating AI into military systems are often overshadowed by the debate on ethical concerns associated with AI. However, despite these concerns, countries such as the US, China, and Russia are heavily investing in military AI systems.[1] This shift indicates the potential benefits of AI in military. The AI in military systems will streamline the OODA loop'Observe, Orient, Decide, Act'thereby significantly reducing the decision-making time.[2] It is important for a military to have decision superiority in order to win a war. In this case, AI will increase the speed by which the OODA loop is typically carried out by processing information rapidly. This increase in speed will give advantage to a state over its adversary. Similarly, states gather raw information from various sources including satellites, surveillance systems, and drones.[3] Converting this kind of information into intelligence typically takes days. However, with the integration of AI, this process can be completed within minutes, enabling faster access to credible intelligence and facilitating timely decision-making.[4] Considering these factors, it can be interpreted that based on the information from various sources and speedy processing, AI may give superior options to military command often giving an edge over an adversary.
Apart from the decision-making advantage, integration of AI in military systems will help alleviate the challenges related to deploying and sustaining personnel in harsh terrains while also reducing causalities in hostile environments.[5] Unmanned systems, such as drones and robotic vehicles, can operate efficiently in extreme environments like deserts or mountainous terrains where human endurance is severely tested, while also reducing the costs of maintaining troops in such areas.[6] Also, cyberspace has emerged as the fifth domain of warfare and the use of large datasets of malware behaviour to train AI for identifying suspicious cyber signatures is a promising advancement in cybersecurity.[7] By analysing such datasets, AI systems can develop behavioural patterns to recognise anomalies and potentially flag malware even before it infects the system. Similarly, training AI on network intrusion and phishing detection may make networks foolproof while also bringing down the number of cyber incidents.
 When discussing the benefits of AI in military, it is important to analyse the risks associated with integration of AI in military affairs. The first and foremost risk that AI presents is an arms race.[8] With AI technologies being tested, it would put pressure on low-income states to join the arms race due to the threat of otherwise becoming irrelevant. In doing so they would have to trade off between development and pursuit of new technologies. Similarly, AI is likely to reduce the threshold of use of force due to low cost of engagement, superior information, confidence in AI systems and reduced threat to soldiers in the battlefield. The concern of automation bias in military applications of AI is a critical issue. It arises when operators overly trust AI systems, even in scenarios where the outputs seem illogical or inconsistent. This risk is particularly pronounced in systems utilising complex algorithms whose decision-making processes are not transparent, a phenomenon often referred to as the ‘black-box problem’ in AI.[9] This kind of situation might lead to unnecessary escalation leading to an increased number of conflicts.
Another challenge is related to the testing of AI systems. AI systems have not been are being tested in closed ranges or laboratories.[11] It is hard to know whether these systems will behave in their intended manner in real-time battle like they do in closed ranges. This problem of testing AI systems is another challenge. Although AI can help prevent cyberattacks, AI-enabled systems are also prone to cyberattacks. Even closed networks are vulnerable to hacking or other types of attacks like data poisoning ie, data is manipulated to influence the functioning of AI system.[12]
In a nutshell, AI is set to redefine the landscape of modern warfare, offering unprecedented advantages in decision-making, intelligence processing, manpower deployment, and cybersecurity. The ability of AI to accelerate the OODA loop and operate in harsh environments underscores its potential to provide strategic superiority. However, the risks associated with AI integration, such as an arms race, automation bias, and cybersecurity vulnerabilities, highlight the need for careful regulation, rigorous testing, and ethical oversight. As international competition intensifies, striking a balance between leveraging AI's benefits and addressing its challenges will be essential to ensuring both military effectiveness and global stability.
1 Michael C. Horowitz, Elsa B. Kania, Gregory C. Allen, and Paul Scharre, ‘Strategic Competition in an Era of Artificial Intelligence’, Center for a New American Security, July 25, 2018,
https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/strategic-competition-in-an-era-of-artificial-intelligence
2 Tim Stewart, ‘AI and the OODA Loop: How AI Enhances Strategic Decisions for Today’s Warfighters’, Military Embedded Systems, June 21, 2024,
3 Stewart, ‘AI and the OODA Loop’.
4 Tate Nurkin and Julia Siegel, ‘How Modern Militaries Are Leveraging AI’, Atlantic Council, August 14, 2023,
5 John Cerulli, ‘Challenges Facing the Military's Use of AI At The Tactical Edge’, Forbes, November 12, 2024,
6 ‘Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) Systems’, Quick Set Defense Technologies, February 23, 2024,
7 Matthew G. Gaber, Mohiuddin Ahmed, and Helge Janicke, ‘Malware Detection with Artificial Intelligence: A Systematic Literature Review’, ACM Computing Surveys 56, no. 6 (January 22, 2024): Article 148, 1–33,
8 Tshilidzi Marwala, ‘Militarization of AI Has Severe Implications for Global Security and Warfare’, United Nations University, July 24, 2023,
https://unu.edu/article/militarization-ai-has-severe-implications-global-security-and-warfare
9 Matthew Kosinski, ‘What Is Black Box Artificial Intelligence (AI)?’, IBM, accessed March 28, 2025,
10Noah Sylvia ‘The Israel Defense Forces' Use of AI in Gaza: A Case of Misplaced Purpose’, Royal United Services Institute (RUSI), July 4, 2024,
https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/israel-defense-forces-use-ai-gaza-case-misplaced-purpose
11 Mike Colony, ‘Is Artificial Intelligence Combat Ready?’, Washington Technology, April 23, 2024,
https://www.washingtontechnology.com/opinion/2024/04/artificial-intelligence-combat-ready/396005/
12 Nihad Hassan, ‘What Is Data Poisoning (AI Poisoning) and How Does It Work?’, TechTarget, November 2024,
https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/definition/data-poisoning-AI-poisoning
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